Dynamics and efficacy of sulfentrazone,flumioxazin, and isoxaflutole herbicides applied on eucalyptus harvest residues

New Forests - Eucalyptus harvests generate residues that remain on the soil and affect the efficacy of preemergent herbicides in the following planting cycle. The objective of this work was to...     

Pituitary apoplexy-like disease in 4 dogs

BACKGROUND: Pituitary apoplexy in humans is a clinical syndrome resulting from sudden infarction, hemorrhage, or both in a normal or an adenomatous pituitary gland. OBJECTIVE: Describe a clinical syndrome in dogs similar to pituitary apoplexy in humans. ANIMALS: Four dogs exhibiting a sudden onset of neurologic signs. METHODS: A retrospective study was used, including clinical examination, computed tomography (CT), postmortem examination, and histopathology of the brain. Pituitary tissue from 3 of the dogs was subjected to immunocytochemistry. RESULTS: Four dogs (2 Mongrels, 1 Bordeaux Dog, and 1 Cocker Spaniel; median age, 11 years; median body weight, 20.5 kg) presented with acute neurologic signs including depression (n = 3), behavioral changes (n = 1), vision loss (n = 1), seizures (n = 1), and collapse (n = 1). CT disclosed suprasellar infarction, hemorrhage, or both associated with a pituitary macroadenoma in 3 dogs and a frank hemorrhage in a nonadenomatous pituitary gland in 1 dog. CT findings were correlated with postmortem findings, and pituitary apoplexy was confirmed by histopathology and immunocytochemistry of the pituitary tissue. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: This study provides histopathologic evidence of pituitary apoplexy in dogs. The results are relevant for future diagnosis and treatment of pituitary disease in dogs.     

Electron paramagnetic resonance investigations of free radicals in extra virgin olive oils

Free radicals in olive oils were identified and quantified by EPR, by means of the spin-trapping technique making use of alpha-phenylbutylnitrone (PBN) as spin trap. The radical species were identified as PBN-trapped hydroxyl radicals (PBN-*OH) in the water microdroplets inside the fat medium. The largest radical concentration was 12.5 microM identical with 100%. The following were the relative concentrations of the radicals under different conditions: (1) Two oils, produced by continuous centrifugation, aged for 1 year, showed a 25-30% increase in the radicals compared to nonaged oils; 1-year-old oil, produced by pressure, did not differ from the nonaged oil. (2) Radical production was markedly reduced by N(2) bubbling; it was increased by heating, whereas it showed a biphasic pattern by air bubbling over time. (3) Radical concentration as a function of the UV irradiation time increased up to a maximum, after which it decreased and finally remained constant. The phenolic and oxygen contents were related to the radical content. This study demonstrates that the EPR technique is suitably applied to the detection of free radicals in olive oil and that storage, handling, and stress conditions of the oils significantly influence the radical concentration.     

芝麻菜品种对尖镰孢菌枯萎病的抗性评价

尖镰孢菌枯萎病是意大利西北部芝麻菜栽培品种(Eruca vesicaria)和野生品种(Diplotaxis spp．)上的重要病害之一,常引起严重的损失。为评价芝麻菜品种对尖镰孢菌枯萎病的抗性,2004年6～11月,选用了44个栽培及野生品种资源在玻璃温室进行抗性试验,使用浓度为1×10~6cfu/ mL的孢子悬浮液蘸根法人工接种30天苗龄的芝麻菜幼苗,以分离自芝麻菜两个不同野生品种的菌株Fus．Ruc．9A/02和Fus．Ruc．13/03,以及分离自栽培和野生品种的32个菌株混合(MIX),分别作为抗病试验接种体,每次接种试验设A、B、C三个重复。整个试验重复进行2次。调查病害引起的死苗率(%)和病情指数(DI),作为评价芝麻菜品种抗性差异的两项指标。研究结果显示,这两项指标间的相关性极显著(P＜0．01),即表明可采用其中一项指标评价芝麻菜品种对尖镰孢菌枯萎病的抗性。供试的44个栽培及野生芝麻菜品种中,多数品种抗尖镰孢茵茵株Fus．Ruc．13/ 03,而对菌株Fus．Ruc．9A/02及菌株混合MIX表现为易感性,而且这些易感品种在菌株Fus．Ruc．9A/02及菌株混合MIX两试验中的抗性表现较为一致,Fus．Ruc．9A/02和MIX的毒性也更强于Fus．Ruc．13/03菌株。芝麻菜品种12/03和品种20/03高抗菌株混合MIX,品种6/03和品种7/04高抗菌株Fus．Ruc．9A/02,而品种9/02、2/03、5/03、6/03、7/03、9/03、11/03、12/03、20/03、21/03、24/03、3/04、6/04、7/04和11/04高抗菌株Fus．Ruc．13/03。     

Evidence for an expanded host range ofFusarium oxysporum f.sp.raphani

The pathogenicity of four isolates ofFusarium oxysporum obtained from infected cultivated rocket (Eruca vesicaria) and wild (sand) rocket (Diplotaxis tenuifolia) was tested on the following cruciferous hosts: stock, radish, wild and cultivated rockets, and various species in the cabbage tribe: cabbage (Brassica oleracea var.sabauda), cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var.botrytis), Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea var.gemmifera), broccoli (Brassica oleracea var.italica), turnip (Brassica rapa var.rapa). The results indicated that isolates ofF. oxysporum from cultivated and wild rocket belong to theforma specialis raphani. The isolates from rocket were pathogenic on cabbage, Brussels sprouts, broccoli, turnip, radish and stock; isolates ofF. oxysporum conglutinans from cabbage and radish, and the isolate ofF. oxysporum f.sp.raphani from rape obtained from the ATCC collection, were pathogenic on both cultivated and wild rocket.     

MULTIDETECTOR‐ROW COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY PATTERNS OF BRONCHOESPHAGEAL ARTERY HYPERTROPHY AND SYSTEMIC‐TO‐PULMONARY FISTULA IN DOGS

Anomalies involving arterial branches in the lungs are one of the causes of hemoptysis in humans and dogs. Congenital and acquired patterns of bronchoesophageal artery hypertrophy have been reported in humans based on CT characteristics. The purpose of this retrospective study was to describe clinical, echocardiographic, and multidetector computed tomography features of bronchoesophageal artery hypertrophy and systemic‐to‐pulmonary arterial communications in a sample of 14 dogs. Two main vascular patterns were identified in dogs that resembled congenital and acquired conditions reported in humans. Pattern 1 appeared as an aberrant origin of the right bronchoesophageal artery, normal origin of the left one, and enlargement of both the bronchial and esophageal branches that formed a dense network terminating in a pulmonary artery through an orifice. Pattern 2 appeared as a normal origin of both right and left bronchoesophageal arteries, with an enlarged and tortuous course along the bronchi to the periphery of the lung, where they communicated with subsegmental pulmonary arteries. Dogs having Pattern 1 also had paraesophageal and esophageal varices, with the latter being confirmed by videoendoscopy examination. Authors conclude that dogs with Pattern 1 should be differentiated from dogs with other congenital vascular systemic‐to‐pulmonary connections. Dogs having Pattern 2 should be evaluated for underlying pleural or pulmonary diseases. Bronchoesophageal artery hypertrophy can be accompanied by esophageal venous engorgement and should be included in the differential diagnosis for esophageal and paraesophageal varices in dogs.     

Can Batesian mimicry help plants to deter herbivores?

Several authors have suggested that edible plants could avoid herbivory by mimicking olfactory cues of toxic plants. However, very few studies have been carried out to test this hypothesis. The aims of the present study were to identify the volatiles of three clover species and to test whether a species lacking chemical defences, such as red clover, could avoid being grazed by rabbits by mimicking the volatiles of the cyanogenic white clover. Two main volatiles were identified in all three clover species, and a further two volatiles were present in white clover only. Rabbits presented with a choice between white clover, red clover and red clover sprayed with white clover extract ate significantly more red clover than white or white-flavoured red clover. The results suggest that the volatiles of toxic plants could be used and exploited as a source of natural, safe and effective repellents to control the impact of pest herbivores on plants.